Which Artist Developed the Theory of Neoplasticism or the New Pure Plastic Art?

Fine art forms that create works that are primarily visual in nature

The visual arts are art forms such equally painting, drawing, printmaking, sculpture, ceramics, photography, video, filmmaking, design, crafts and architecture. Many artistic disciplines such as performing arts, conceptual fine art, and textile arts besides involve aspects of visual arts equally well as arts of other types. Also included within the visual arts^[1] are the applied arts^[2] such as industrial design, graphic blueprint, fashion design, interior pattern and decorative art.^[3]

Current usage of the term "visual arts" includes fine art as well as the applied or decorative arts and crafts, merely this was not always the case. Before the Arts and Crafts Movement in Britain and elsewhere at the plough of the 20th century, the term 'artist' had for some centuries often been restricted to a person working in the fine arts (such as painting, sculpture, or printmaking) and not the decorative arts, craft, or practical Visual arts media. The distinction was emphasized past artists of the Arts and Crafts Movement, who valued vernacular fine art forms equally much as high forms.^[4] Fine art schools made a distinction between the fine arts and the crafts, maintaining that a craftsperson could not exist considered a practitioner of the arts.

The increasing tendency to privilege painting, and to a lesser degree sculpture, above other arts has been a characteristic of Western art as well as East Asian fine art. In both regions painting has been seen as relying to the highest degree on the imagination of the creative person, and the furthest removed from transmission labour – in Chinese painting the nigh highly valued styles were those of "scholar-painting", at to the lowest degree in theory practiced by gentleman amateurs. The Western hierarchy of genres reflected similar attitudes.

Education and training [edit]

Preparation in the visual arts has generally been through variations of the amateur and workshop systems. In Europe the Renaissance movement to increment the prestige of the artist led to the academy system for training artists, and today most of the people who are pursuing a career in arts railroad train in art schools at tertiary levels. Visual arts have now become an constituent subject in almost education systems.^{[5] [6]}

Cartoon [edit]

Drawing is a means of making an image, illustration or graphic using any of a broad variety of tools and techniques available online and offline. It by and large involves making marks on a surface past applying pressure from a tool, or moving a tool across a surface using dry media such every bit graphite pencils, pen and ink, inked brushes, wax color pencils, crayons, charcoals, pastels, and markers. Digital tools, including pens, stylus, that simulate the effects of these are also used. The principal techniques used in drawing are: line drawing, hatching, crosshatching, random hatching, shading, scribbling, stippling, and blending. An artist who excels in drawing is referred to as a draftsman or draughtsman.^[7]

Drawing and painting goes back tens of thousands of years. Art of the Upper Paleolithic includes figurative art beginning between about 40,000 to 35,000 years ago. Non-figurative cave paintings consisting of hand stencils and simple geometric shapes are even older. Paleolithic cave representations of animals are plant in areas such as Lascaux, France and Altamira, Spain in Europe, Maros, Sulawesi in Asia, and Gabarnmung, Australia.

In aboriginal Egypt, ink drawings on papyrus, oftentimes depicting people, were used as models for painting or sculpture. Drawings on Greek vases, initially geometric, later developed to the human form with black-figure pottery during the 7th century BC.^[8]

With paper condign mutual in Europe by the 15th century, cartoon was adopted past masters such equally Sandro Botticelli, Raphael, Michelangelo, and Leonardo da Vinci who sometimes treated drawing as an art in its own right rather than a preparatory phase for painting or sculpture.^[9]

Painting [edit]

Painting taken literally is the practice of applying paint suspended in a carrier (or medium) and a binding agent (a glue) to a surface (back up) such as paper, sheet or a wall. However, when used in an artistic sense it means the utilize of this activity in combination with drawing, limerick, or other aesthetic considerations in order to manifest the expressive and conceptual intention of the practitioner. Painting is also used to express spiritual motifs and ideas; sites of this kind of painting range from artwork depicting mythological figures on pottery to The Sistine Chapel to the human body itself.^[10]

History [edit]

Origins and early history [edit]

Like drawing, painting has its documented origins in caves and on rock faces. The finest examples, believed by some to be 32,000 years old, are in the Chauvet and Lascaux caves in southern France. In shades of red, dark-brown, yellow and black, the paintings on the walls and ceilings are of bison, cattle, horses and deer.

Paintings of human figures can be found in the tombs of aboriginal Arab republic of egypt. In the great temple of Ramses Two, Nefertari, his queen, is depicted being led by Isis.^[11] The Greeks contributed to painting only much of their work has been lost. One of the best remaining representations are the Hellenistic Fayum mummy portraits. Another example is mosaic of the Boxing of Issus at Pompeii, which was probably based on a Greek painting. Greek and Roman art contributed to Byzantine art in the fourth century BC, which initiated a tradition in icon painting.^[12]

The Renaissance [edit]

Autonomously from the illuminated manuscripts produced by monks during the Middle Ages, the next meaning contribution to European art was from Italia'south renaissance painters. From Giotto in the 13th century to Leonardo da Vinci and Raphael at the get-go of the 16th century, this was the richest period in Italian art as the chiaroscuro techniques were used to create the illusion of 3-D space.^[13]

Painters in northern Europe too were influenced by the Italian school. Jan van Eyck from Belgium, Pieter Bruegel the Elder from the Netherlands and Hans Holbein the Younger from Federal republic of germany are among the almost successful painters of the times. They used the glazing technique with oils to achieve depth and luminosity.

Dutch masters [edit]

The 17th century witnessed the emergence of the great Dutch masters such as the versatile Rembrandt who was specially remembered for his portraits and Bible scenes, and Vermeer who specialized in interior scenes of Dutch life.

Baroque [edit]

The Bizarre started after the Renaissance, from the tardily 16th century to the tardily 17th century. Principal artists of the Bizarre included Caravaggio, who made heavy use of tenebrism. Peter Paul Rubens, a Flemish painter who studied in Italy, worked for local churches in Antwerp and also painted a series for Marie de' Medici. Annibale Carracci took influences from the Sistine Chapel and created the genre of illusionistic ceiling painting. Much of the development that happened in the Baroque was because of the Protestant Reformation and the resulting Counter Reformation. Much of what defines the Baroque is dramatic lighting and overall visuals.^[fourteen]

Impressionism [edit]

Impressionism began in France in the 19th century with a loose clan of artists including Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir and Paul Cézanne who brought a new freely brushed manner to painting, often choosing to paint realistic scenes of modernistic life exterior rather than in the studio. This was accomplished through a new expression of aesthetic features demonstrated by brush strokes and the impression of reality. They achieved intense color vibration past using pure, unmixed colours and short brush strokes. The movement influenced art as a dynamic, moving through time and adjusting to newfound techniques and perception of art. Attention to detail became less of a priority in achieving, whilst exploring a biased view of landscapes and nature to the artists centre.^{[15] [xvi]}

Postal service-impressionism [edit]

Towards the terminate of the 19th century, several young painters took impressionism a stage further, using geometric forms and unnatural colour to depict emotions while striving for deeper symbolism. Of item note are Paul Gauguin, who was strongly influenced by Asian, African and Japanese art, Vincent van Gogh, a Dutchman who moved to France where he drew on the strong sunlight of the south, and Toulouse-Lautrec, remembered for his vivid paintings of night life in the Paris district of Montmartre.^[17]

Symbolism, expressionism and cubism [edit]

Edvard Munch, a Norwegian artist, developed his symbolistic approach at the end of the 19th century, inspired by the French impressionist Manet. The Scream (1893), his about famous piece of work, is widely interpreted equally representing the universal anxiety of modern man. Partly as a result of Munch's influence, the German expressionist movement originated in Deutschland at the beginning of the 20th century as artists such as Ernst Kirschner and Erich Heckel began to distort reality for an emotional event.

In parallel, the style known as cubism developed in France as artists focused on the volume and space of sharp structures within a composition. Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque were the leading proponents of the motion. Objects are broken up, analyzed, and re-assembled in an abstracted form. Past the 1920s, the style had developed into surrealism with Dali and Magritte.^[18]

Printmaking [edit]

Ancient Chinese engraving of female instrumentalists

Printmaking is creating, for artistic purposes, an epitome on a matrix that is then transferred to a ii-dimensional (flat) surface past means of ink (or another grade of pigmentation). Except in the case of a monotype, the aforementioned matrix can exist used to produce many examples of the print.

Historically, the major techniques (besides called media) involved are woodcut, line engraving, etching, lithography, and screen printing (serigraphy, silk screening) simply in that location are many others, including modern digital techniques. Unremarkably, the print is printed on newspaper, only other mediums range from material and vellum to more than modern materials.

European history [edit]

Prints in the Western tradition produced before nearly 1830 are known as erstwhile master prints. In Europe, from around 1400 AD woodcut, was used for master prints on paper by using printing techniques developed in the Byzantine and Islamic worlds. Michael Wolgemut improved German language woodcut from virtually 1475, and Erhard Reuwich, a Dutchman, was the first to employ cross-hatching. At the end of the century Albrecht Dürer brought the Western woodcut to a phase that has never been surpassed, increasing the status of the single-foliage woodcut.^[nineteen]

Chinese origin and practise [edit]

In Red china, the fine art of printmaking developed some 1,100 years ago as illustrations aslope text cut in woodblocks for printing on newspaper. Initially images were mainly religious merely in the Vocal Dynasty, artists began to cutting landscapes. During the Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1616–1911) dynasties, the technique was perfected for both religious and artistic engravings.^{[20] [21]}

Development in Japan 1603–1867 [edit]

Woodblock press in Nippon (Japanese: 木版画, moku hanga) is a technique best known for its use in the ukiyo-e artistic genre; however, it was likewise used very widely for printing illustrated books in the same period. Woodblock printing had been used in Mainland china for centuries to print books, long before the advent of movable type, but was simply widely adopted in Japan during the Edo period (1603–1867). Although similar to woodcut in western printmaking in some regards, moku hanga differs greatly in that water-based inks are used (as opposed to western woodcut, which uses oil-based inks), allowing for a broad range of vivid color, glazes and colour transparency.

Photography [edit]

Photography is the process of making pictures by ways of the action of low-cal. The light patterns reflected or emitted from objects are recorded onto a sensitive medium or storage chip through a timed exposure. The procedure is done through mechanical shutters or electronically timed exposure of photons into chemic processing or digitizing devices known as cameras.

The word comes from the Greek φως phos ("low-cal"), and γραφις graphis ("stylus", "paintbrush") or γραφη graphê, together meaning "drawing with light" or "representation by ways of lines" or "drawing." Traditionally, the production of photography has been called a photograph. The term photo is an abbreviation; many people as well call them pictures. In digital photography, the term epitome has begun to replace photograph. (The term image is traditional in geometric optics.)

Compages [edit]

Architecture is the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings or whatsoever other structures. Architectural works, in the cloth form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements.

The earliest surviving written piece of work on the bailiwick of architecture is De architectura, past the Roman builder Vitruvius in the early 1st century Advertizing. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, unremarkably known by the original translation – firmness, commodity and delight. An equivalent in modern English language would be:

1. Durability – a building should stand up robustly and remain in proficient status.
2. Utility – information technology should be suitable for the purposes for which information technology is used.
3. Dazzler – it should exist aesthetically pleasing.

Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available edifice materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to exist formalized through oral traditions and practices, edifice became a arts and crafts, and "architecture" is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft.

Filmmaking [edit]

Filmmaking is the process of making a motility-picture, from an initial conception and research, through scriptwriting, shooting and recording, animation or other special furnishings, editing, sound and music work and finally distribution to an audition; it refers broadly to the creation of all types of films, embracing documentary, strains of theatre and literature in film, and poetic or experimental practices, and is ofttimes used to refer to video-based processes too

Estimator art [edit]

Visual artists are no longer limited to traditional Visual arts media. Computers take been used every bit an ever more than common tool in the visual arts since the 1960s. Uses include the capturing or creating of images and forms, the editing of those images and forms (including exploring multiple compositions) and the last rendering or press (including 3D printing). Computer art is any in which computers played a role in production or display. Such art can exist an image, sound, animation, video, CD-ROM, DVD, video game, website, algorithm, performance or gallery installation. Many traditional disciplines are now integrating digital technologies and, every bit a result, the lines betwixt traditional works of art and new media works created using computers have been blurred. For case, an artist may combine traditional painting with algorithmic art and other digital techniques. Every bit a result, defining computer art by its end product tin be hard. Notwithstanding, this type of art is beginning to appear in art museum exhibits, though it has yet to prove its legitimacy as a form unto itself and this applied science is widely seen in gimmicky art more as a tool rather than a form as with painting. On the other hand, there are computer-based artworks which belong to a new conceptual and postdigital strand, assuming the same technologies, and their social touch on, as an object of enquiry.

Computer usage has blurred the distinctions between illustrators, photographers, photograph editors, 3-D modelers, and handicraft artists. Sophisticated rendering and editing software has led to multi-skilled image developers. Photographers may go digital artists. Illustrators may become animators. Handicraft may be computer-aided or apply computer-generated imagery as a template. Computer clip art usage has also made the articulate distinction between visual arts and page layout less obvious due to the like shooting fish in a barrel access and editing of clip art in the process of paginating a document, especially to the unskilled observer.

Plastic arts [edit]

Plastic arts is a term for art forms that involve physical manipulation of a plastic medium past moulding or modeling such as sculpture or ceramics. The term has also been applied to all the visual (non-literary, non-musical) arts.^{[22] [23]}

Materials that tin exist carved or shaped, such as rock or wood, concrete or steel, take besides been included in the narrower definition, since, with appropriate tools, such materials are also capable of modulation.^{[ citation needed ]} This utilize of the term "plastic" in the arts should not be confused with Piet Mondrian'due south employ, nor with the movement he termed, in French and English, "Neoplasticism."

Sculpture [edit]

Sculpture is three-dimensional artwork created by shaping or combining hard or plastic material, sound, or text and or light, commonly stone (either stone or marble), clay, metal, glass, or woods. Some sculptures are created directly by finding or carving; others are assembled, congenital together and fired, welded, molded, or cast. Sculptures are often painted.^[24] A person who creates sculptures is called a sculptor.

Because sculpture involves the use of materials that can be moulded or modulated, it is considered one of the plastic arts. The majority of public art is sculpture. Many sculptures together in a garden setting may be referred to equally a sculpture garden. Sculptors do not e'er make sculptures by manus. With increasing engineering science in the 20th century and the popularity of conceptual fine art over technical mastery, more sculptors turned to art fabricators to produce their artworks. With fabrication, the creative person creates a blueprint and pays a fabricator to produce it. This allows sculptors to create larger and more complex sculptures out of material like cement, metallic and plastic, that they would not be able to create by hand. Sculptures can also be made with three-d press engineering science.

US copyright definition of visual art [edit]

In the Usa, the law protecting the copyright over a slice of visual art gives a more restrictive definition of "visual art".^[25]

A "work of visual fine art" is —
(i) a painting, drawing, print or sculpture, existing in a single copy, in a limited edition of 200 copies or fewer that are signed and consecutively numbered by the writer, or, in the example of a sculpture, in multiple cast, carved, or fabricated sculptures of 200 or fewer that are consecutively numbered by the writer and deport the signature or other identifying mark of the author; or
(2) a still photographic image produced for exhibition purposes only, existing in a single copy that is signed by the writer, or in a limited edition of 200 copies or fewer that are signed and consecutively numbered by the author.

A work of visual art does not include —
(A)(i) any affiche, map, earth, nautical chart, technical drawing, diagram, model, applied art, motion film or other audiovisual work, book, magazine, newspaper, periodical, data base, electronic data service, electronic publication, or like publication;
  (two) any merchandising item or ad, promotional, descriptive, covering, or packaging material or container;
  (3) any portion or part of any item described in clause (i) or (ii);
(B) any piece of work made for hire; or
(C) any piece of work not subject to copyright protection nether this title.

See also [edit]

• Art materials
• Asemic writing
• Collage
• Crowdsourcing creative work
• Décollage
• Environmental art
• Constitute object
• Graffiti
• History of fine art
• Illustration
• Installation fine art
• Interactive art
• Mural art
• Mathematics and fine art
• Mixed media
• Portraiture
• Process art
• Recording medium
• Sketch (drawing)
• Sound art
• Vexillography
• Video fine art
• Visual arts and Theosophy
• Visual damage in fine art
• Visual poetry

References [edit]

1. ^ An Near.com commodity by fine art expert, Shelley Esaak: What Is Visual Art?
2. ^ Unlike Forms of Art – Applied Art. Buzzle.com. Retrieved eleven Dec 2010.
3. ^ "Heart for Arts and Design in Toronto, Canada". Georgebrown.ca. fifteen February 2011. Archived from the original on 28 Oct 2011. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
4. ^ Art History: Craft Motion: (1861–1900). From World Wide Arts Resources Archived 13 October 2009 at the Portuguese Web Annal. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
5. ^ Ulger, Kani (1 March 2016). "The creative training in the visual arts education". Thinking Skills and Creativity. xix: 73–87. doi:ten.1016/j.tsc.2015.10.007. ISSN 1871-1871.
6. ^ Adrone, Gumisiriza. "School of industrial art and design".
7. ^ "drawing | Principles, Techniques, & History". Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 12 Baronial 2020.
8. ^ History of Drawing. From Dibujos para Pintar. Retrieved 23 Oct 2009.
9. ^ "Drawing". History.com. 2006. Archived from the original on 14 March 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2009.
10. ^ "painting | History, Elements, Techniques, Types, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 12 August 2020.
11. ^ History of Painting. From History World. Retrieved 23 October 2009.
12. ^ "Fine art history | visual arts". Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 12 August 2020.
13. ^ History of Renaissance Painting. From Fine art 340 Painting. Retrieved 24 Oct 2009.
14. ^ Mutsaers, Inge. "Ashgate Joins Routledge – Routledge" (PDF). Ashgate.com. Retrieved 15 October 2018.
15. ^ "Impressionist art & paintings, What is Impressionist art? Introduction to Impressionism". Retrieved 24 September 2018.
16. ^ Impressionism. Webmuseum, Paris. Retrieved 24 Oct 2009
17. ^ Post-Impressionism. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
18. ^ Modern Art Movements. Irish Art Encyclopedia. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
19. ^ The Printed Image in the West: History and Techniques. The Metropolitan Museum of Fine art. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
20. ^ Engraving in Chinese Fine art. From Engraving Review Archived 29 July 2012 at archive.today. Retrieved 23 Oct 2009.
21. ^ The History of Engraving in China. From ChinaVista. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
22. ^ Art Terminology at KSU ^{[ dead link ]}
23. ^ "Merriam-Webster Online (entry for "plastic arts")". Merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
24. ^ Gods in Color: Painted Sculpture of Classical Antiquity 22 September 2007 Through 20 Jan 2008, The Arthur Grand. Sackler Museum Archived 4 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine
25. ^ "Copyright Law of the United states of America – Affiliate i (101. Definitions)". .gov. Retrieved 30 October 2011.

Bibliography [edit]

• Barnes, A. C., The Art in Painting, 3rd ed., 1937, Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc., NY.
• Bukumirovic, D. (1998). Maga Magazinovic. Biblioteka Fatalne srpkinje knj. br. 4. Beograd: Narodna knj.
• Fazenda, Thousand. J. (1997). Between the pictorial and the expression of ideas: the plastic arts and literature in the dance of Paula Massano. due north.p.
• Gerón, C. (2000). Enciclopedia de las artes plásticas dominicanas: 1844–2000. fourth ed. Dominican Republic s.n.
• Oliver Grau (Ed.): MediaArtHistories. MIT-Printing, Cambridge 2007. with Rudolf Arnheim, Barbara Stafford, Sean Cubitt, W. J. T. Mitchell, Lev Manovich, Christiane Paul, Peter Weibel a.o. Rezensionen
• Laban, R. Five. (1976). The language of motion: a guidebook to choreutics. Boston: Plays.
• La Farge, O. (1930). Plastic prayers: dances of the Southwestern Indians. northward.p.
• Restany, P. (1974). Plastics in arts. Paris, New York: northward.p.
• University of Pennsylvania. (1969). Plastics and new art. Philadelphia: The Falcon Pr.

External links [edit]

• ArtLex – online lexicon of visual fine art terms.
• Calendar for Artists – calendar listing of visual art festivals.
• Fine art History Timeline past the Metropolitan Museum of Fine art.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_arts

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